University General Course Catalog 2014-2015 
    
    Sep 23, 2024  
University General Course Catalog 2014-2015 ARCHIVED CATALOG: LINKS AND CONTENT ARE OUT OF DATE. CHECK WITH YOUR ADVISOR.

8. Course Descriptions


Note: Sequencing rules in effect for many Math courses prohibit students from earning credit for a lower numbered Math course after receiving credit for a higher numbered Math course. Sequencing rules are included in the course descriptions of applicable courses.

 

Community Health Sciences

  
  
  • CHS 899 - Graduate Advisement

    (1 to 4 units)
    Provides access to faculty for continued consultation and advisement. No grade is filed and credits may not be applied to any degree requirements. Limited to 8 credits (2 semester) enrollment. For non-thesis master’s degree students only. (Formerly HE 899; implemented Spring 2005, formerly PUBH 899, implemented Fall 2009.)

    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information


Computer Engineering

  
  • CPE 201 - Digital Design

    (3 units)
    Fundamentals of digital design. Topics include: number bases, binary arithmetic, Boolean logic, minimizations, combinational and sequential circuits, registers, counters, memory, programmable logic devices, register transfer.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 135  with a “C” or better.

    Units of Lecture: 2
    Units of Laboratory/Studio: 1
    Offered Every Fall and Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CPE 301 - Embedded Systems Design

    (3 units)
    Embedded systems design and applications. Field Programmable gate arrays, microcontroller architecture, memory and I/O decoding, timers, interrupt systems, analog to digital converters.

    Prerequisite(s): CPE 201 .

    Units of Lecture: 2
    Units of Laboratory/Studio: 1
    Offered Every Fall and Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CPE 400 - Computer Communication Networks

    (3 units)
    ISO model, protocol layers, circuit/packet switching, sockets, reliable transport, congestion control, routing, addressing, switching, multiple access, error correction, coding, and digital modulation. (Formerly CS 432, 632; implemented Spring 2005.)

    Corequisite(s): CS 446 .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Fall
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CPE 401 - Computer Network Systems

    (3 units)
    Packet switching, routing, congestion control, network layer, internet, transport layer, sessions, FTP, telnet, rlogin, SMTP, NFS, NetBIOS, WWW, security, data compression. (Formerly CS 433, 633; implemented Spring 2005.)

    Prerequisite(s): CS 365; CPE 400 .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CPE 406 - Real Time Computing Systems

    (3 units)
    Principles of real time computing with applications to process control and laboratory data acquisition. Introduction to real time languages and operating systems. A number of computing projects are to be completed for credit using laboratory hardware and software. (Formerly CS 434 R, 634 R; implemented Spring 2005.)

    Prerequisite(s): CPE 301 .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CPE 411 - Digital Computer Architecture and Design

    (3 units)
    Fundamental principles of computer architecture and organization. Topics include performance evaluation, memory, input/output, computer arithmetic, instruction sets, processors, RISC, superscalar architectures, control unit.

    Prerequisite(s): CPE 301 .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CPE 426 - Senior Projects in Computer Engineering

    (3 units)
    Supervised group or team projects with emphasis on implementation of engineered design. Major capstone course.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 425R; ENGR 301; CH 201 or CH 202 or CH 203; ENG 102; junior or senior standing.

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Major Capstone Course
    Offered Every Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CPE 470 - Autonomous Mobile Robots

    (3 units)
    Design, implementation and programming of autonomous mobile robots; sensors, effectors, basic control theory, fundamental elements of mobile robot control, introduction to advanced topics, illustrations of state-of-the-art. Teamwork: final project tested in a robot contest.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 302  with a “C” or better.

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CPE 481 - Embedded Games Development

    (3 units)
    Computer game development with emphasis on embedded systems and game consoles with fixed resources. Evolution of video display, computer sound, and game i/o technologies.

    Prerequisite(s): CPE 301 .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Fall
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  
  
  • CPE 494 - Internship in Computer Engineering

    (1 to 3 units S/U Only)
    Individual internships in industry are arranged with appropriate companies. Written report is required upon completion of the work. Maximum of 3 credits.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 302  with a “C” or better.

    Offered Every Fall, Spring, and Summer
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CPE 600 - Computer Communication Networks

    (3 units)
    ISO model, protocol layers, circuit/packet switching, sockets, reliable transport, congestion control, routing, addressing, switching, multiple access, error correction, coding, and digital modulation. (Formerly CS 432, 632; implemented Spring 2005.)

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Fall
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CPE 601 - Computer Network Systems

    (3 units)
    Packet switching, routing, congestion control, network layer, internet, transport layer, sessions, FTP, telnet, rlogin, SMTP, NFS, NetBIOS, WWW, security, data compression. (Formerly CS 433, 633; implemented Spring 2005.)

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CPE 606 - Real Time Computing Systems

    (3 units)
    Principles of real time computing with applications to process control and laboratory data acquisition. Introduction to real time languages and operating systems. A number of computing projects are to be completed for credit using laboratory hardware and software. (Formerly CS 434 R, 634 R; implemented Spring 2005.)

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CPE 611 - Digital Computer Architecture and Design

    (3 units)
    Fundamental principles of computer architecture and organization. Topics include performance evaluation, memory, input/output, computer arithmetic, instruction sets, processors, RISC, superscalar architectures, control unit. (Formerly CS 431, 631; implemented Spring 2005.)

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CPE 670 - Autonomous Mobile Robots

    (3 units)
    Design, implementation and programming of autonomous mobile robots; sensors, effectors, basic control theory, fundamental elements of mobile robot control, introduction to advanced topics, illustrations of state-of-the-art. Teamwork: final project tested in a robot contest.

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CPE 681 - Embedded Games Development

    (3 units)
    Computer game development with emphasis on embedded systems and game consoles with fixed resources. Evolution of video display, computer sound, and game i/o technologies.

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Fall
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  
  
  • CPE 694 - Internship in Computer Engineering

    (1 to 3 units S/U Only)
    Individual internships in industry are arranged with appropriate companies. Written report is required upon completion of the work. Maximum of 3 credits.

    Offered Every Fall, Spring, and Summer
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CPE 701 - Internet Protocol Design

    (3 units)
    Advanced concepts in protocol design for inter-networking of heterogeneous computer networks; protocols for transport, congestion control, routing, multicast, network management; and address resolution.

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CPE 795 - Comprehensive Examination

    (3 units)
    Course is used by graduate programs to administer comprehensive examinations either as an end of program comprehensive examination or as a qualifying examination for doctoral candidates prior to being advanced to candidacy.

    Units of Independent Study: 3
    Offered Every Fall and Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  
  
  
  • CPE 899 - Graduate Advisement

    (1 to 4 units)
    Provides access to faculty for continued consultation and advisement. No grade is filed and credits may not be applied to any degree requirements. Limited to 8 credits (2 semester) enrollment. For non-thesis master’s degree students only.

    Offered Every Fall and Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information


Computer Science

  
  • CS 103 - Technical Problem Solving Strategies

    (3 units)
    Introduction and application of several strategies including elementary numerical and symbolic methods, and various programming tools to solve problems in engineering and science. Credits may not be applied to any College of Engineering Degree.

    Units of Lecture: 2
    Units of Laboratory/Studio: 1
    Offered Every Fall and Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 105 - Introduction To Computing

    (3 units)
    Introduction to essential concepts and practices in computing. Design, assemble, and operate basic computer hardware and software in a collaborative environment.

    Units of Lecture: 2
    Units of Laboratory/Studio: 1
    Offered Every Fall and Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 135 - Computer Science I

    (3 units)
    Introduction to modern problem solving and programming methods. Emphasis is placed on algorithm development. Introduction to procedural and data abstraction, emphasizing design, testing, and documentation. (Formerly CS 201; implemented Spring 2005.)

    Prerequisite(s): MATH 127  or MATH 128  or MATH 181  or MATH 182  or ACT Math score of 28 or SAT Math score of 630 or Accuplacer EA 80 and CL 101.

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Fall, Spring, and Summer
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 202 - Computer Science II

    (3 units)
    Emphasis on problem solving and program development techniques. Typical numerical and non-numerical problems are examined. Design, implementation, and abstraction principles of elementary data structures.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 135  with a “C” or better.

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Fall and Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 219 - Computer Organization

    (3 units)
    Introduction to organization and integration of computer components. Topics include: computer abstractions and performance, arithmetic operations, instruction set architecture, assembly programming, datapath, pipelining, memory hierarchy, I/O, and parallel architectures.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 202  or CPE 201  .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Fall and Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:
    1. Students will be able to describe the structure and functioning of a digital computer, including its overall system architecture, operating system, and digital components.
    2. Students will be able to explain the generic principles that underlie the building of a digital computer, including data representation, digital logic and processor programming.
    3. Students will be able to apply some fundamental coding schemes.
    4. Students will be able to present and discuss simple examples of assembly language appropriate for an introductory course.


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 282 - Simulation Physics

    (4 units)
    Rigid-body dynamics: kinematics and forces, simulating real-world problems: vehicles and projectiles, integration for real-time simulation, collision detection, introduction to motion control and animation.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 202 ; PHYS 180 .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Units of Laboratory/Studio: 1
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 302 - Data Structures

    (3 units)
    Data structures and algorithms fundamental to computer science; abstract data-type concepts; measures of program running time and time complexity; algorithm analysis and design techniques. (Formerly CS 308; implemented Spring 2005.)

    Prerequisite(s): CS 202  with a “C” or better.

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Fall and Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 320 - Interaction Design

    (3 units)
    Interaction paradigms, frameworks, styles; design principles, models, tools, standards; interaction components: text, color, widgets, icons, speech, hearing, haptics; I/O devices; prototyping, implementation, evaluation; accessibility guidelines.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 202 .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring - Even Years
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 326 - Programming Languages, Concepts and Implementation

    (3 units)
    An overview of programming languages; features, structures, and implementation; examples taken from various programming paradigms. Introduction to formal specifications of languages.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 302  with a “C” or better.

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Fall
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 328 - Fundamentals of Game Design

    (3 units)
    Fundamental topics related to game design. Topics include: game design requirements, game design principles, evaluation, peer review, prototyping.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 202 .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Fall
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:
    1. Students will be able to demonstrate a thorough understanding of the game development and its underlying principles.
    2. Students will be able to design, implement, evaluate a video game.
    3. Students will be able to demonstrate the ability to present information on relevant techniques in game design to a wide variety of audiences.
    4. Students will be able to apply game design and development principles to build a game.


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 330 - Design Patterns

    (3 units)
    Introduction to design patterns: Strategy, Observer, Factory, Singleton, Command, Adapter, Faade, Template Method, Iterator, Composite, State, Proxy. Object Oriented design principles, Java/UML.

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 365 - Mathematics of Computer Science

    (3 units)
    Computing related mathematical constructs and concepts. Topics covered include: propositional/predicate logic, proofs, sets functions algorithms, matrices, sequences, induction, recursion, combinatorics, probability, relations, graphs.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 202  with a “C” or better; MATH 182  with a “C” or better.

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Fall and Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 381 - Game Engine Architecture

    (3 units)
    Introduction to the technical elements of modern videogame and the pipeline for assembling them, plus issues of interface design, quality assurance, and business practice.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 202  .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 382 - Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

    (3 units)
    Problem solving, search, search algorithms, and game trees. Planning. Introduction to reasoning under uncertainty. Introduction to learning and reasoning unknown environments.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 302 .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Fall
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 415 - Parallel Computing

    (3 units)
    Parallel algorithms and architectures. Taxonomy of systems, SIMD, MIMD, systolic arrays. Parallel languages and programming paradigms. Applications using a multiple processor parallel network.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 302  with a “C” or better.

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring - Odd Years
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 420 - Human-Computer Interaction

    (3 units)
    Usability goals, design principles, design processes, prototyping, interface metaphors, interaction styles, interaction devices, software tools, evaluation paradigms and techniques, user manuals, collaborative work, information visualization.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 302 .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Fall - Even Years
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 425 - Software Engineering

    (3 units)
    Software processes, project management, software requirements, system models, architectural design, detailed design, user interface design, implementation, integration, verification, validation, testing, evolution, rapid development, software tools (Major capstone course)

    Prerequisite(s): CS 446; CH 201 or CH 202 or CH 203; ENG 102; junior or senior standing.

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Major Capstone Course
    Offered Every Fall
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 426 - Senior Projects in Computer Science

    (3 units)
    Supervised group or team projects with emphasis on implementation of engineered design. (Major capstone)

    Prerequisite(s): CS 425R with a “C” or better; CH 201 or CH 202 or CH 203; ENG 102; ENGR 301; junior or senior standing.

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Major Capstone Course
    Offered Every Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 446 - Principles of Operating Systems

    (3 units)
    Concurrent processes, interprocess communication, processor management, virtual and real memory management, deadlock, file systems, disk management, performance issues, case studies. Practical experience with UNIX.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 302  with a “C” or better; CPE 301 .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 447 - Computer Systems Administration

    (3 units)
    Account maintenance, backups, restoration, system configuration, resource allocation and monitoring, network management, peripheral administration, emphasis on UNIX systems.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 446 .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring - Odd Years
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 450 - Fundamentals of Integrated Computer Security

    (3 units)
    Network security, database and system security, access control, policy and ethics development, attacks, and counter attack measures, security tools and malicious code, current trends and research. Projects completed in a high level language.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 446 .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring - Even Years
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 456 - Automata and formal Languages

    (3 units)
    Fundamental concepts of computation. Relationship between grammars, languages and machines, emphasizing regular and context free languages, finite state acceptors and Turing machines. Complexity and computability. (Formerly CS 467/667; implemented Spring 2005.)

    Prerequisite(s): CS 365  ; MATH 283 ; CS 302 .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 457 - Database Management Systems

    (3 units)
    An overview of existing systems; physical data organization; relational, network and hierarchical models; data manipulation languages, data definition languages; database protection; database application using INGRES.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 446 .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring - Odd Years
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 460 - Compiler Construction

    (3 units)
    Introduction to compiler writing techniques, grammars for syntax definition, use of compiler writing tools, compilers for simple languages, case studies of actual compilers. (Formerly CS 423, CS 632; implemented Spring 2005.)

    Prerequisite(s): CS 326.

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring - Even Years
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 466 - Numerical Methods I

    (3 units)
    Numerical solution of linear systems, including linear programming; iterative solutions of non-linear equations; computation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors, matrix diagonalization. (Formerly CS 483/683; implemented Spring 2005.)(Formerly Math 483/683; implemented Fall 2003.)

    Prerequisite(s): MATH 330 .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Fall
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 467 - Numerical Methods II

    (3 units)
    Numerical differentiation and integration; numerical solution of ordinary differential equations, two point boundary value problems; difference methods for partial differential equations. (Formerly CS 484/684; implemented Spring 2005.)(Formerly Math 484/684; implemented Fall 2003.)

    Prerequisite(s): MATH 285 .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  
  
  
  • CS 480 - Computer Graphics

    (3 units)
    Software, hardware and mathematical tools for the representation, manipulation and display of two- and three dimensional objects: applications of these tools to specific problems.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 302  with a “C” or better; MATH 182  with a “C” or better.

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Fall
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 481 - Advanced Computer Game Design

    (3 units)
    The engineering, science, and art of creating advanced computer games. Design and implementation of game components in producing usable and engaging computer games.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 381 .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  • CS 482 - Artificial Intelligence

    (3 units)
    Problem solving, search, and game trees. Knowledge representation, inference, and rule-based systems. Semantic networks, frames, and planning. Introduction to machine learning, neural-nets, and genetic algorithms.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 365  ; CS 302 .

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Fall - Odd Years
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  
  • CS 485 - Computer Vision

    (3 units)
    Principles, design and implementation of vision systems. Camera models and image formation, feature detection, segmentation. Camera calibration, 3-D reconstruction, stereo vision. Introduction to advanced topics.

    Prerequisite(s): CS 302  with a “C” or better.

    Units of Lecture: 3
    Offered Every Spring - Odd Years
    Student Learning Outcomes (if available):
    Upon completion of this course:


    Click here for course scheduling information. | Check course textbook information

  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 

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